WCAG success criteria · A & AA

All 49 WCAG criteria, one page each.

Dedicated guide for every WCAG 2.1 + 2.2 Level A and AA success criterion. What it means, common failures, how to test, how to fix.

Principle 1

Perceivable

20 criteria — Level A and AA.

1.1.1A

Non-text Content

All non-text content (images, icons, charts, video thumbnails) must have a text alternative that conveys the same purpose. Decorative content gets an empty alt.

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1.2.1A

Audio-only and Video-only (Prerecorded)

Prerecorded audio needs a transcript. Prerecorded video-only (silent) needs either a transcript or an audio-described version.

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1.2.2A

Captions (Prerecorded)

Prerecorded video with audio needs captions synchronized with the audio. Auto-generated captions are typically not accurate enough.

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1.2.3A

Audio Description or Media Alternative (Prerecorded)

Prerecorded video must include audio description of visual content, OR a full media alternative (text transcript including descriptions of visuals).

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1.2.4AA

Captions (Live)

Live audio (webinars, livestreams, real-time video calls) must include captions in real time.

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1.2.5AA

Audio Description (Prerecorded)

Prerecorded video must have an audio-description track (not just a text alternative — actual narration of visuals during pauses).

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1.3.1A

Info and Relationships

Information, structure, and relationships conveyed through presentation must be programmatically determined (in the code) or available in text.

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1.3.2A

Meaningful Sequence

When the order of content matters, the order must be programmatically determined — so screen readers and other assistive tech read it in the right order.

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1.3.3A

Sensory Characteristics

Instructions must not rely solely on shape, size, visual position, sound, or orientation.

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1.3.4AA

Orientation

Content must not be locked to a single orientation (portrait or landscape) unless essential.

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1.3.5AA

Identify Input Purpose

Form inputs collecting user information must be programmatically identifiable (using HTML autocomplete attribute) to enable browser-level autofill and assistive tech personalization.

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1.4.1A

Use of Color

Color cannot be the only visual means of conveying information, indicating action, prompting response, or distinguishing a visual element.

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1.4.2A

Audio Control

Auto-playing audio longer than 3 seconds must include a pause/stop control or per-track volume control independent from system volume.

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1.4.3AA

Contrast (Minimum)

Text and images of text must have a contrast ratio of at least 4.5:1 against the background. Large text (18pt+ or 14pt bold+) needs only 3:1.

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1.4.4AA

Resize Text

Text must be resizable up to 200% without loss of content or functionality (no horizontal scroll, no content cut off).

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1.4.5AA

Images of Text

Use real text instead of images of text, except where a particular presentation is essential (logos, branding).

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1.4.10AA

Reflow

Content must reflow at 320 CSS pixels width (equivalent to 1280px at 400% zoom) without horizontal scrolling, except for content that requires 2D layout (data tables, maps, diagrams).

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1.4.11AA

Non-text Contrast

UI components (form input borders, buttons, focus indicators) and meaningful graphics must have a 3:1 contrast ratio against adjacent colors.

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1.4.12AA

Text Spacing

When users override line height, letter spacing, word spacing, and paragraph spacing, no content or functionality is lost.

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1.4.13AA

Content on Hover or Focus

Tooltips, popovers, or other content that appears on hover/focus must be dismissable, hoverable (stays open when pointer moves to it), and persistent (does not auto-dismiss).

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Principle 2

Operable

17 criteria — Level A and AA.

2.1.1A

Keyboard

All functionality must be operable through a keyboard interface — no mouse, no touch required.

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2.1.2A

No Keyboard Trap

Keyboard focus must be able to move away from any component using only the keyboard — no traps.

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2.1.4A

Character Key Shortcuts

Single-character keyboard shortcuts (single letters, digits, punctuation) must be either turn-off-able, remappable, or active only on focus.

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2.2.1A

Timing Adjustable

Any time limit set by the content must be either turn-off-able, adjustable to 10× the default, or warn the user with at least 20s to extend.

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2.2.2A

Pause, Stop, Hide

Moving, blinking, scrolling, or auto-updating information that starts automatically, lasts more than 5 seconds, and is presented in parallel with other content, must be pausable, stoppable, or hideable.

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2.3.1A

Three Flashes or Below Threshold

Content must not flash more than three times in any one-second period (to avoid triggering photosensitive seizures).

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2.4.1A

Bypass Blocks

A mechanism to bypass blocks of content repeated on multiple pages (typically navigation) must be available — usually a "skip to main content" link.

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2.4.2A

Page Titled

Every page must have a `<title>` that describes its topic or purpose.

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2.4.3A

Focus Order

Focusable components receive focus in an order that preserves meaning and operability.

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2.4.4A

Link Purpose (In Context)

The purpose of each link must be determinable from the link text alone OR the link text plus the immediate context.

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2.4.5AA

Multiple Ways

More than one way must be available to locate a page within a set of pages (e.g. navigation + search + sitemap).

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2.4.6AA

Headings and Labels

Headings and labels must describe their topic or purpose.

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2.4.7AA

Focus Visible

Keyboard focus indicator must be visible.

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2.5.1A

Pointer Gestures

Multipoint or path-based gestures (pinch, swipe, drag) must have a single-pointer alternative.

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2.5.2A

Pointer Cancellation

Single-pointer actions (clicks, taps) must trigger on the up-event, OR provide an abort/undo mechanism — so users can release outside the target to cancel.

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2.5.3A

Label in Name

For UI components with text labels, the accessible name must contain (and ideally start with) the visible text.

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2.5.4A

Motion Actuation

Functions triggered by device motion (shake to undo, tilt to scroll) must have an alternative, and motion-trigger must be disable-able.

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Principle 3

Understandable

10 criteria — Level A and AA.

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